Kit Kat market research free essay sample

In this report we would like to present the results of our research which was made related to KitKat. Aim of the research: The main aim of the survey is to find out if there is any need for sugar free Kit Kat product in the Hungarian market, and whether people with weight problems or people with diabetes are more interested in sugar free Kit Kat products. To clear up the chocolate consumption and the eating habits of the Hungarian consumers. First of all we would like to shortly introduce the Nestle S. A. which is the producer company of KitKat and after that a short review about the product itself. In the additional parts of the report we will analyze the received data and draw conclusions from the results. Nestle the company: Nestle is the largest food and beverage company in the world. The groups products include beverages, milk based products, ice creams, prepared dishes, and pharmaceutical products. We will write a custom essay sample on Kit Kat market research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nestle primarily operates in Europe, the Americas, Asia, Oceania and Africa. The group is headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. Current market situation: Today, Nestle Milkpak produces in over 81 countries and achieves 98% of its turnover outside Europe. Nestle Milkpak is the world’s largest milk company, which does 98% of its business. It has an annual turnover of 70 billion Swiss francs, 522 new factories in 81 countries, 200 operating companies, 1 basic research outer and 20 technological development groups, has more than 231,000 employees and more than 8000 products around the globe. On the Other hand in Pakistan Nestle in future may loose its’ market share because of its competitors high efforts especially on Advertising Over all company market share is 80%. Nestle share as compared to nurpur, Nirala and other are moves around 20 to 30%. Nestle in Hungary: Nestle’s baby foods, milks and Maggi products are obtainable in Hungary since the beginning of the 20th century, but the first home (Hungarian) made product was created only in 1974 in Debrecen. The Nesle Hungary company ( subsidiary company of Nestle S. A. ) was established in 1991. The company was continuously developing its’ product scale: currently the company is attend in the Hungarian market with its’ confectionary products, instant drinks, crunchy flakes, mineral waters, pet foods, baby foods, culinary product. Important dates:  1906 The first Nestle products in Hungary ( Maggi soups, child flour) 1991 – Establishment of the Nestle Hungary company 1991 – The company engrossed the Szerencsi Confectionary Company 1998 – The company engrossed the Jupiter company 2000 – The company engrossed the Kekkuti Mineral water company 2001 – The company engrossed the SCHOLLER Budamilk KitKat: KitKat was first crea ted and launched by Rowntree Limited of York, England and was later produced by Nestle which acquired Rowntree in 1988, (except in the USA, where is made under license by Hersheys). The brand quickly gained much popularity and spread to all corners of the globe, and is now available in over 70 countries in many different varieties. KitKat consists of several layers of creme filled wafer covered in smooth milk chocolate. Each finger of the traditional four finger bar can be snapped off one at a time. Other types of the popular product have been launched over the last 10 years, including KitKat Chunky great to eat on the go and is also available the world over. Since the beginning, KitKat has been synonymous with having a break. The brands trademarked tagline HAVE A BREAK, HAVE A KIT KAT has come to represent much more than just the physical ‘snap’ of the wafer fingers. Hypothesis The Nestle company can distend its’ KitKat product line with a sugar-free KitKat product to increase its’ market share. The company primarily should take aim at people who have diabetes or weight problem. Analyzing the received answers, showing data in diagrams In this part of our report we are going to evaluate the respondents’ answers and show the data in separate graphs where the results can be clearly seen. Our online survey was filled out by 116 persons. Our target group is almost the whole Hungarian society especially those who have diabetes or weight problems The survey consisted of 22 questions and we asked people about their chocolate consumption habits, about KitKat and about diabetic chocolates. 1st question: Do you like to try out new tastes? According to the data gained from the answers of the first question we can draw the conclusion that the people in our sample are tending to try out new tastes. These answers are favorable for us because, as we mentioned before, we are planning to penetrate the market with a new, sugar-free KitKat. 2nd question: How often do you consume chocolate? In this question we were interested about the frequency of chocolate consumption. As we can see the majority (43%) of our sampling group consumes chocolate products weekly which is a positive result in case of our survey. 3rd question: What type of chocolate do you prefer the most? In this question we tried to collect information about the type of chocolates what consumers prefer principally. The reason why we would liked to pick up information about it is the following: if we have the opportunity to enter the market with a new, sugar-free KITKAT chocolate, we have to know the customers’ pretenses according to the types of chocolates. The diagram shows that more than half of the respondents have chosen the milk chocolate and only 9% of the people have preferred the semisweet chocolate. Analyzing the received data we can see that the biggest demand would be for the milk chocolate KITKAT product so we can simply make the decision that this type of sugar-free chocolate would be the most profitable.  4th question: Which form of chocolate do you prefer the most? Apart from the types of chocolates (which we researched in the third question) we would liked to find out whether which form of chocolate would be able to satisfy consumers’ needs in case of a diabetic chocolate. According to the received answers we can see that most of the respondents (54. 5%) prefer c hocolate bars but we don’t have to forget that most of the people identify KitKat chocolate products as finger bars because this is one of the most important insignia of these products. Furthermore the Nestle company has not produced KitKat chocolates in form of chocolate bar so it would be confusing for the customers if we were enter the market with a diabetic KitKat in form of chocolate bar. That’s why we think that the most appropriate form of sugar-free KitKat would be the finger bar. 5th Question: Put the following chocolate brands in order, according to opinion of their taste! In this question we asked the respondents to rank five types of chocolate. The aim of this ranking was to get information about where KITKAT takes place in consumers’ mind compare it with other chocolate brands. 6th question: What occurs to your mind when you hear the brand name KitKat? The graph shows us that the first thing people think when they hear the brand name KitKat is the color of the package what is not surprising, because it is quiet eye grabbing. In our sample also more than the half of the randomly chosen people remember the slogan: â€Å"Have a break, have a KitKat. †( 56% of the respondents have chosen the â€Å"break† expression) What can be surprising that only 59% of the people identifies KitKat with Nestle. 7th question: Which facts are influencing you the most in case of buying a chocolate? This question can be interesting for us on which factor should we concentrate the most, to make successful and profitable product. In our sample taste is the most important factor. Price is only in the second place, this means that in our sample people are tending to pay more, if they are getting a high quality product. This is good to know, because this means we just have to keep our product line in the same quality level and the new product could be as successful as the older versions of KitKat. 8th question: Have you ever tasted KitKat? This is maybe the most important question in the questionnaire. In our sample there is only 2% who never ever eaten a KitKat, I think it is good average. 9th question: If your answer was yes for the previous question, how often do you consume the product? u From the answers of this question we can see that from those who have tried KitKat the majority (32%) consume the product monthly but unfortunately nobody consume it daily regularity. 10th question: Have you ever checked the ingredients of a chocolate you bought? Our aim was with that question to find out whether people are curious of the sugar content or ingredients of a given product or not. Only the 29% of our sample answered with no, what can be surprising, but what means that in our sample group people are interested what they are consuming at all. Nowadays doctors are trying to make us live a healthier way with buying more and more natural products which contains no unhealthy ingredients such as fat and artificial flavor. This may mean that we should make the ingredients and sugar content part on the package easier to find and read, and maybe we should concentrate to create an as healthy chocolate as it is possible. It is also interesting that 56% of our sample is male, and this means men are tending to check the ingredients too, not only woman. We should not forget also that in our sample 56% is between 19 and 30 years old, so this means this may be the generation which is trying to buy healthier products. 11th question: Have you ever eaten diabetic chocolate? Clearly we have to know if people are tending to eat diabetic chocolate at all or not. In order to find out if it is a good idea to penetrate the market with sugar free products.  37% of the asked individuals are never have eaten diabetic chocolate. This is not surprising I think. 79% in the sample have no diabetes. In our sample this means that people are tending to eat sugar-free products. In Hungary there is a lot of people suffering with overweight, and from year to year more and more children, it would be a good strategy to make them consume a sugar-free chocolate, and in most cases the decreasing of the sugar consumption would sol ve the problem of overweight. This could be a good marketing plan, to start to build up a new product line based on this theory, although in our sample a lot of people did not sign the reason „overweight† why they are consuming sugar-free product , but we have to count with the fact that people do not like to talk about their weight problems. 12th question: If your answer was yes for the previous question, please choose a reason(s) why? We were curious what can incite people to consume sugar-free products. In our sample 79% tried it out, this means if we are coming out with a new KIKAT product it could be profitable, we just have to let the people know we have  a product like that. Diabetic products were not an important product line till that, but now more and more people may need to or want to buy them. 13th question: Which of the following chocolate brands have you heard about? In this question we analyze if which diabetic chocolates are the best known. In our sample people are the most familiar with Milka alpine diet, although not that’s the oldest sugar-free product on the market. This means we would have the chance to get a good market share if we would come out with a sugar free product because our company is widely known in Hungary just like Milka. We can examine Milka’s product, and we can fix the problems them may have done, so maybe we can copy the product with best results to have. Our market strategy will be to relate the diabetic chocolate with healthy lifestyle. 14th question: Would you taste sugar-free KitKat if it was available? 59% yes answer in our sample is relatively good, because that 41% can change his/her opinion just when they hear about the product or see an advertisement. People are curios, and curiosity is the best quality we can count on. If we make them curious sooner or later they will try it out and if our product will be good, and that would be our aim, them they will adopt the product and maybe become regular consumers. 15th question: Do you think that the sugar-free chocolate products contain more artificial ingredients? This question was also a very important question in our survey. As artificial ingredients are not the part of the healthy lifestyle, we had to find out if people think that maybe chocolates with sugar are still healthier than without sugar. In our sample 43% of the asked people answered with „ I don’t know†, this means for real, that they do not really care ar they never even thought about that. So clearly they have got no negative opinion about sugar-free products. 29% answered with no, this is still very favorable, they think sugar-free products are not more unhealthy than chocolate with sugar. 28% with yes answers is a little bit too much, but maybe if we will give out more information about the production and ingredients, they will change their mind. People believe what they hear more often..  16th question: How often do you consume other types of sweets? This question’s aim was just to find out what how much people like other types of sweets, if maybe later we would like to expand our new product line we will have a basic information , that in this sample people consume a lot of sweets. 17th question: Do you often go to confectionary? This question’s aim was to find out if it wort h or not to try to make contract with confectioneries or not. This was just a theoretically question. Our sample’s 52% is not tending to go in little sweet shops, this means our marketing strategy is good based on this sample. We should sell our products in shopping centre and other little shops like cba and so on. Till people are doing their every day shopping they may buy a chocolate as well but people are not making extra energy to buy a product after a limit. Demographical questions: 18th question: Gender 19th question: Age 20th question: Weight (kg) 21st question: Height (cm) 22nd question: Do you have diabetes? Conclusion: In the last part of our survey we will draw conclusions from the questions according to our hypothesis. Our first hypothesis was that Nestle can distend its’ product line with a new, sugar-free KitKat product to increase its’ market share. This hypothesis is true because the company did not produce sugar-free KitKat yet, but according to question 14. we can see that 59% of our respondents would taste sugar-free KitKat if it was available and the company could increase this number if the new product will be promoted not only for those who have diabetes but for those who want to live a healthier life or want to lose weight and don’t want to give up eating chocolate. The second hypothesis was that the company should primarily concentrate on those who have diabetes or weight problem. This hypothesis is also true because in question 12. it is turned out that that 32% of the respondents consume sugar-free chocolates because of diabetes and 29% consume it because of overweight but the number of those who eating sugar-free chocolate because of healthy living was relatively high as well. To sum up if we want to take into the market a sugar-free KitKat we have to keep the basic features of the original KitKat (the taste, red color, finger bars) but of course we have to do several innovations to reach our target group and then we can make a profitable product.

Using Replacement Behavior to Lessen Problem Behaviors

Using Replacement Behavior to Lessen Problem Behaviors A replacement behavior is a behavior you want to replace an unwanted target behavior. Focusing on the problem behavior may just reinforce the behavior, especially if the consequence (reinforcer) is attention. It also helps you teach the behavior that you want to see in the target behaviors place. Target behaviors might be aggression, destructive behavior, self-injury, or tantrums. Functions It is important to identify the function of the behavior, in other words, Why does Johnny smack himself in the head? If Johnny is smacking himself in the head in order to deal with tooth pain, obviously the replacement behavior is to help Johnny learn how to tell you his mouth hurts, so you can deal with the tooth pain. If Johnny hits the teacher when its time to leave a preferred activity,  the replacement behavior will be to transition within a certain time to the next activity. Reinforcing approximations of those new behaviors is replacing the target or undesirable behavior to help Johnny be more successful in an academic setting.   Effectiveness An effective replacement behavior will also have a similar  consequence that provides the same function. If you determine that the consequence is attention, you need to find an appropriate way to give the attention the child needs, while at the same time reinforcing a behavior that is acceptable. It is especially helpful if the replacement behavior is incompatible with the target behavior. In other words, if a child engages in the replacement behavior, he or she is unable to engage in the problem behavior at the same time. If the target behavior is the student leaving his seat during instruction, the replacement behavior might be keeping his knees under his desk. Besides praise (attention) the teacher might also put tally marks on a desktop â€Å"ticket† which the student can exchange for a preferred activity. Extinction, ignoring a behavior rather than reinforcing it, has proven to be the most effective way to get rid of problem behavior, but it may be unsafe or incompatible with supporting student success. At the same time punishment often reinforces the problem behavior by focusing on the problem behavior. When choosing and reinforcing a replacement behavior, you draw attention to the behavior you want, rather than the behavior you dont want.   Examples Target Behavior: Albert does not like to wear a dirty shirt. He will rip his shirt if he doesnt get a clean shirt after lunch or a messy art project.Replacement Behavior: Albert will ask for a clean shirt, or he will ask for a paint shirt to put over his shirt.Target Behavior: Maggie will hit herself in the head when she wants the teachers attention since she suffers from aphasia and cannot use her voice to get the teacher or aides attention.Replacement Behavior: Maggie has a red flag that she can fix on the tray of her wheelchair if she needs the teachers attention. The teacher and classroom aides give Maggie lots of positive reinforcement for asking for their attention with her flag.

The right to know Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The right to know - Essay Example Ultimately, the right to know is essential for eliminating deception and the consequences that flow from the deceptive nature of erroneous information. This paper will examine the significance of the right to know, why information and portrayal of actuality can be deceptive and the consequences of deception. This examination will be conducted by reference to Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong by James Loewen, M. Butterfly: With an Afterword by the Playwright by David Hwang and The Forger’s Spell: A True Story of Vermeer, Nazis, and the Greatest Art Hoax of the Twentieth Century by Edward Dolnick. The right to know in the US originates out of repression of information during colonization under English rule and attempts to prohibit public disclosure of the royal government’s action (Forstel 1). The right to know the workings of the government was eventually aligned with natural rights by America’s founding fathers. The right to know was refined to be characterized as freedom of expression which entails, freedom of information. America’s founding fathers considered freedom of expression as a natural and inalienable right (Forstel 1-5). This right was included in America’s Declaration of independence in 1776 (Forstel 4). The struggle for transparency and frank and honest disclosure is significant for understanding the importance of the right to know. Recipients of information typically make decisions on the information imparted. When those imparting information control the information released, they are indirectly manipulating decisions more favorable to them rather than decisions made on the basis of truth. When the right to know is ignored so that information is deceptive, general mistrust is the inevitable result. Essentially what happens is, recipients have one of two choices. They can either ignore the information or

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - Case Essay

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - Case - Essay Example Ethnic cleansing and genocide are frequently used interchangeably in a wrong sense. In reality, both of them are different terms and there is profound difference between the two. This is because, while genocide is an attempt to exterminate a minority, ethnic cleansing is a method to expel the minority. Thus, genocide is a type of ethnic cleansing. Genocide may be defined as any act that is aimed at systematic expulsion of a particular group of individuals from their homes either through threat or by force (Naimark, 2001). Infact, genocide is considered as an element of war crime and is considered a crime against humanity. Genocide is against the law and has a juridicial status. The term has specific definitions and has a meaning even in international law. People who are involved in genocide and get convicted like general Radoslav Krstic who was convicted for geneocide, later on appeal was convicted only for accomplice of genocide ("Prosecutor v. Krstic":56). A classic example of geno cide is the mass murder of about 7500 Bosnian muslims at Srebrenica. Thus ethnic cleaning and genocide occupy positions which are adjacent in the spectrum of violence against religions, countries and minorities. In some situations, ethnic cleansing is referred to as "forced deportation" or "population transfer". The means used to achieve this can be legal or semilegal. hence it can be said that genocide is the most extreme form of ethnic cleansing and as Michael Mann put it, it can be called as â€Å"murderous ethnic cleansing† (Mann, 2005:11). As such forced deportation occurs mainly during times of war or aggression and people seldom leave their homes during peace time. This is because each and every individual is attached to their land which their fore fathers cultivated and lived in. In my opinion, both ethnic cleansing and genocide are the same, both are inhuman and against the law. Both can have devastating

What was the short-term contribution of William Wilberforce to the Coursework

What was the short-term contribution of William Wilberforce to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 - Coursework Example William Wilberforce was instrumental in abolishing slavery in 1807. Astute group William Wilberforce joined an astute group of United Kingdom politicians who focused all their time, energy, and money to abolishing the United Kingdom slave trade (Wilberface & Wilberface, 1838). The group includes historical greats in the anti-slave trade movement during the 1800s. Charles Fox is one of the active members of the same group. Henry Thornton is another member of the anti-slave trade. The group agreed to sponsor the 1807 anti-slavery trade. The group is one of the active coalition sectors of the United Kingdom House of Commons. The final product of the group’s many years combined anti-slavery efforts had precipitated to the historic passing of the United Kingdom 1807 anti-slavery act. 1807 Anti-Slavery Act Prior to the passing of the 1807 anti-slavery act, the United Kingdom Parliament had passed into law the slavery quota benchmarks. The law sets the maximum number of slaves that c an be transported in a ship. A research conducted by the 1789 Privy Council explained the atrocities suffered by the slaves from the time of their kidnapping or sale to the time of their transfer or sale to the new slave owners. During 1791, a group of anti-slavery politicians tried their best to stop the slave trade. However, the United Kingdom Parliament voted to disapprove the proposed anti-slavery laws. Unfortunately, the voting showed that 163 law makers in the House of Commons voted disapprove the proposed anti-slavery law. Only 88 law makers preferred the approval of the proposed anti-slavery laws (Rodriguez, 1997). As a law maker, William Wilberforce contributed his law making prowess to the abolition of slavery (Wilberface & Wilberface, 1838). William Wilberforce is a member of the United Kingdom Parliament. As member, William Wilberforce votes on certain law proposals. When the majority vote wins, the wish or petition of the majority voters will be implemented. William Wil berforce spent many years generating support for the abolition of slavery in the United Kingdom. After William Wilberforce succeeded in passing the 1807 that abolished slavery, William Wilberforce went farther. William Wilberforce supported group moves to abolish the slave trade outside the United Kingdom. After many years of persuasive convincing, countries like Sweden, Portugal and Holland, other European Union countries adhered to William Wilberforce’s insistence that slavery should be stopped within the soonest possible time (Rodriguez, 1997). Further, William Wilberforce was able to unite several individuals to focus on one main goal, abolishing the slave trade. Wilberforce worked for more than 15 years to see his dream of a free African British environment a reality. Wilberforce successfully convinced his fellow United Kingdom lawmakers to approve his desire to stop the inhuman slave trade. During those more than 15 years, William Wilberforce’s loyal followers co ntinued to grow in force. With the needed numbers in place, William Wilberforce finally saw the lives of the kidnapped African British slaves’ iron chained unlocked. Furthermore, William Wilberforce was very honest and sincere in explaining the religious consequences of continuing the slave trade. William Wilberforce uses his religious concepts to convince the religious members of the United Kingdom parliament to cancel the prevailing slave trade. William Wilberforce was able to connect with the religious members of the United Kingdom Parliament (Rodriguez, 1997). Voting In 1792, 230 law makers voted to gradually end United Kingdom slavery practices (Rodriguez, 1997). Only a meager 85 law makers disapproved the anti-slavery

literature Review of Hate Crimes

literature Review of Hate Crimes Abstract Hate crime is a term that was born in the 1980s from journalists and policy advocates who were trying to describe crimes of bias against African Americans, Asians, and Jews. From there, the term hate crime expanded and an act was passed that required the tracking of hate crime statistics. These statistics can often be misleading due to the underreporting of hate crimes and the strict requirements surrounding what constitutes a hate crime. Gender based hate crime is the most prevalent, with African Americans being the largest racial group targeted by hate crime. Trends develop in the amount of hate crimes as seen by the recent upswing in hate crimes against Middle Easterners following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Police have responded to hate crime by changing their policies and creating new units to specifically target hate crime. There have been new laws created regarding hate crimes and an enhancement of their punishment in an effort to combat hate crime. Possible solu tions to try to decrease hate crime focus on the early identification of young adults and juveniles who may be prone to commit these acts and the intervention and education of offenders. There must also be a focus on the tactics of law enforcement officers if hate crime is to be reduced. 3 A Study of Hate Crime To better determine how to respond to and handle hate crime, it helps to understand just what hate crime is. An example of hate crime from Shively and Mulford (2007) is, In December 2000, in Brooklyn, New York, Mohammad Awad punched Chaim Spear while yelling obscenities and anti-Semitic remarks (para. 1). This is a very basic example of what can be a very complex criminal act. Specific statistics on just how many hate crimes are committed can be a bit murky due to reporting methods, but one thing that can be gathered from the statistics is that hate crime is not going away anytime soon. Since hate crime is not going away, the appropriate response to hate crime from police and courts is more important than ever. The response of police and courts should also work towards solving the problem of hate crime. That can mean targeting hate crime in youth offenders and possibly preventing it or changing the tactics of law enforcement officers. When studying any problem, a good place to start is determining the origins of the problem. With that being said, hate crime has most likely been around as long as there have been people with differences in religion, race, or sexual orientation trying to live together. But, as pointed out by Shively and Mulford (2007), The term hate crime was coined in the 1980s by journalists and policy advocates who were attempting to describe a series of incidents directed at African Americans, Asians, and Jews (para. 26). The collection of statistics regarding hate crimes began in 1990. It was at this time that the Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed by Congress. The act as defined by Bartol and Bartol (2011), Known as the Hate Crime Statistics Act, it requires data collection of violent attacks, intimidation, arson, or property damage that are directed at a person or group of persons because of race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity (p. 17). During the 1990s, the act was expanded to i nclude disabilities, both physical and mental, as a tracked bias. The Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act was also passed during the 1990s to lengthen sentences for perpetrators convicted of hate crimes. While studying hate crime it is apparent that there can be trends in hate crime. African Americans usually top the chart in being the target of hate crime, but a trend that started after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 were an increase of hate crimes against people from the Middle East. One of the more surprising finds from Steinberg, Brooks, and Remtulla (2003) was, Gender-based hate crimes, or crimes against women, are perhaps the most prevalent form of hate crime in general, but the most socially acceptable and prevalent type of hate crime among teenagers and young adults is that targeting sexual minorities (para. 28). This find was surprising to read at first, but after reflection, the find makes sense. In many countries, women are still seen as second-class citizens with less rights and privileges than their male counterparts. Among teenagers and young adults, there is still a negative stigma around being homosexual as seen from some of the slang still used. An examp le of this is hearing a group of students describe something they deem to be bad as gay. The impact these hate crimes have on the victims can be overwhelming and lasting. As described by Bune (2004), Sometimes they blame themselves for being victimized, although they are innocent victims. As a consequence of their victimization, victims may isolate themselves from others and possibly develop strong mistrust of other people (para. 10). The impact on the victims makes it very important to get a clear picture on how prevalent hate crime is. But, because of underreporting, it is very hard to have accurate statistics on just how prevalent hate crime is overall. As stated above, two of the problems with statistics regarding hate crimes is determining what constitutes a hate crime and victims not always reporting the crimes against them in fear of either retaliation or shame. According to research from Shively and Mulford, the FBI found 7,163 hate crime incidents with 8,795 victims in a 2005 study. But, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) using victim interviews and including times when the offender either used hateful symbols or language found 191,000 incidents affecting 210,000 victims. As they explain, The disparity in these two estimates stems, in part, from an important difference in the data collected: the FBI counts only crimes that are reported to the police. For the NCVS, BJS collects information from victims, who are asked if they think hate played a role in the crime (para. 8). This is a huge gap in the two numbers and more than likely, the true scope of the problem lies somewhere in between the two numbers. A specific look at s ome of the groups from the research of Steinberg, Brooks, and Remtulla shows, In 1999, there were 7,876 hate crimes reported, of which 4,295 were motivated by racial bias, 1,411 by religious bias, 1,217 by sexual orientation bias, 829 by ethnicity/national origin bias, 19 by disability bias and 5 by multiple bias (para. 24). With over half of reported hate crimes that were reported being motivated by racial bias, it is clear that race is still an issue in the United States. These statistics can help in responding to hate crime by determining where efforts should be focused. Two main entities focused on hate crime right now are police departments and the court system. Police departments have begun to deal with hate crime by altering their policies regarding how hate crimes are handled and by creating units specifically to deal with hate crimes. One of these policy changes according to Bune is, Establish clearly that the department has zero tolerance to any form of hate crime, regardless of apparent seriousness (para. 6). By doing this, the community will begin to understand that hate crime will not be tolerated and as mentioned above, the penalties for hate crimes can be more severe. The units as described by Shively and Mulford, Many jurisdictions have established hate-crime units in their police departments, and some regional task forces are devoted to investigating hate crime (para. 13). These units have the time to focus on hate crimes specifically and implement strategies in dealing with and hopefully eliminating hate crime. The court system has a t ough balancing act regarding hate crimes. There are many acts that are racially motivated, but because of first amendment rights are protected. One example is cross burning. As explained by Harr, Hess, and Orthmann (2012), Without more evidence to prove a hate crime, cross burning is deemed a protected form of speech (p. 151). The court cannot interpret what is meant by the acts involved even if they are implied. Even without that, there is still the positive regarding hate crime legislation and laws. According to Shively and Mulford, The Federal Government and all but one State (Wyoming) have specific hate-crime laws (para. 10). Even though these laws vary in what they encompass or the enhancement of the penalties, having the laws in place is a step in the right direction regarding handling hate crime. After getting an idea about what hate crime is and tactics to try to combat it, there is another question that must be answered. What can be done to get rid of hate crime or at least significantly reduce the number of hate crimes? One idea from Steinberg, Brooks, and Remtulla is, To prevent future hate crimes, law enforcement agencies, state and federal agencies, public interest groups, and schools have been working together to identify and track hate crimes and to mitigate the conditions that foster them (para. 44). It is not surprising that there is a large amount of hate crimes perpetrated by young adults and juveniles. That developmental period lends itself to trying to fit in and struggling with peer pressure. That is why there must be a focus on young adults and juveniles if hate crime is to be decreased. Three ways this can be accomplished is by tracking the crimes that are being committed and identifying the causation behind them, stopping the recruitment of juveniles to hate groups, and using the data from tracking and identifying the causation of hate crime to intervene and educate at risk juveniles and young adults. Another way to try to reduce hate crime is to alter law enforcement tactics. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, such as police leadership ensuring that departmental policies are followed regarding hate crimes and assisting prosecutors in getting convictions of hate crimes by providing accurate information. A major tactic regarding victims as explained by Bune is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦recognizing the particular fears and distress typically suffered by victims, the potential for reprisal and escalation of violence, and the far-reaching negative consequences of hate crimes on the community, the department will attend to the security and related concerns of the immediate victims and their families (para. 28). There should be a focus on healing and the rights of the victim after a hate crime has taken place. It not only helps the victim a nd their family, but the community as well to see that there is support and that it is okay to report crimes with fear of retaliation. Hate crimes definition has expanded since the 1980s. Even as different groups are added, the importance of focusing on hate crime will not change. Statistics regarding hate crime are very hard to track due to the underreporting of them as well as strict definitions on what the FBI determines to be a hate crime. Over the past few years, police departments and the court system have responded to hate crime by changing their policies, creating new units, and enacting laws centered on hate crime. Some possible solutions to decrease hate crime are to focus on young adults and juveniles and by changing law enforcement tactics regarding hate crime. A final example of hate crime and just how heinous and serious it can be comes from June 1998 in Jasper, Texas. James Byrd, Jr. was a 49-year-old African American man who was walking home from a family party when he was offered a ride home by three known white supremacists. They took him to a remote road and beat him and then dragged him behind th eir truck. The rest of the story as described by Bartol and Bartol, Police found Byrds head, neck, right arm, torso, shoes, a wallet, and other personal items scattered along the route. A mile-long blood trail on the road marked the gruesome scene (p. 18). A scene like the one described is not just another murder. It is the perfect example of the type of hate needed to commit a crime of this magnitude and why there needs to be such a focus on hate crime and its prevention. 9

The Female Reproductive System :: essays research papers

The reproductive system is one of the most vital systems because it determines whether a species will survive. The reproductive system produces human offspring. One of the most prevalent diseases of the reproductive system is prostate cancer. Prostate cancer occurs when the cells of the prostate begin to grow and divide uncontrollably. One out of six men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in the United States. Some of the key parts of the reproductive system are to learn how a female egg is fertilized by a male sperm cell, about the parts of the male and female reproductive system and learn about prostate cancer. The male reproductive system works to create sperm and then release it into the female during sexual intercourse. The organs in the system are the testes, the epididymides, hanging in a skin bag called the scrotum, the sperm ducts, the prostate gland, and the penis containing the urethra. The testes are also known as sperm glands. They make tiny sperm cells called spermatozoa. They also produce hormones especially testosterone (this activates the production of sperm cells). Epididymides are tightly coiled tubes on each side of the testes. They help sperm become mature. The sperm ducts carry fresh sperm towards the outside. The ducts join with the urethra inside of the prostate. The urethra carries the sperm through the penis to the outside. This pathway is also known as the male reproductive tract. The parts of the female reproductive system work together to produce pin- head size eggs that join with a male's sperm to fertilize one of the eggs. The system nourishes the egg until it forms a full-grown baby. Then, once the baby is born, it produces milk for the baby. The main parts of a female reproductive system are the ovaries, the oviducts (also called the fallopian tubes), uterus (womb), vagina, vulva and the breasts (where the milk for the baby is released). The ovaries are called "egg glands". They store tiny eggs called ova. These will develop into a baby, if a man's sperm fertilizes them. The ovaries also produce hormones. The two oviducts each link the two ovaries with the uterus. They carry the ripe eggs to the uterus. When a male fertilizes a female's egg, it usually occurs in the oviduct. The uterus is where the fertilized egg grows and is nourished until it is ready to come out. At first, the uterus is about the size of a baseball or a tennis ball.